WPC ˮM'9D,z1~pRHꏇ(yfM~yqs#!>26nӦ/ #g v7DBG\L3CkVDsKE[Q]YB/SUT> `}k#*6b(y1h 3ӣ`{&@_ Lѝ|lXl_Xd>SSj`Enh(/Dr*l~I0.1ÕބboPh,2klX;Uq9 *8rHf"(]ƙ"}erS"|J"Q@P;eJscp[[qFklSU8p- ͟ fzfZEQIbVW m ԋ) `Ki(' -XD_a\cU~%(]} :* Dzl(\Cm!ƒ~^] m #UN % 0:^ w41@ mB-YN\\MONKEYPOD\hplaser,,,,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,ԪG4 p3:i+003|x U ##xXd# !USUS.,  _ {M  ConstitutionalandStatutoryClaimsinRestraintandSeclusion   O  PreparedforTASCSkillBuildingConference t SanDiego,California ` January1013,2006 L  SusanStefan $ t CenterforPublicRepresentation  ` NewtonMassachusetts  L  ProducedwithagrantfromtheTrainingAdvocacySupportCenter(TASC),whichissponsored $  bytheAdministrationonDevelopmentalDisabilities,theCenterforMentalHealthServices,and   theRehabilitationServicesAdministration,theSocialSecurityAdministrationandtheHealth   ResourcesServicesAdministration.TASCisadivisionoftheNationalDisabilityRightsNetwork   (_NDRN_).   I. ConstitutionalClaims:FreedomfromUnreasonableBodilyRestraint H    ` OriginoftheProfessionalJudgmentStandard 8   Youngbergv.Romeo,457U.S.307(1982),holdsthatthedueprocessclauseofthe ` fourteenthamendmenttotheConstitutionguaranteespeopleininstitutionstherighttobefree L fromunreasonablebodilyrestraint,butthat liabilitymaybeimposedonlywhenthedecisionby 8 theprofessionalissuchasubstantialdeparturefromacceptedprofessionaljudgment,practiceor $ standardsastodemonstratethatthepersonactuallydidnotbasedthedecisiononsucha  judgment,id.at323.      A.Inwhatcontextsdoestheprofessionaljudgmentstandardapply?     ` 1.VenueswheretheProfessionalJudgmentStandardhasbeenapplied \  0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#a. Schools: _Heidemann_Ԁv.Rother,84F.3d1021,1029(8thCir.1996); 4"  Doev.S&SIndependentSchoolDistrict,149_F.Supp_.2d274(_E.D.Tx_. $#t! 2001)$`" (# (# 0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#b. Pretrialdetention :_Collignon_Ԁv.MilwaukeeCounty,163F.3d982(7th $L # Cir.1998),butseealsoBellv.Wolfish,441U.S.520(1979)%